OMIM :  190070

GENECARD : KRAS2

CGAP : 184050

Chromosome human      

• Ki-ras gene located at 12p. Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Noshiro H, Torata N, Kinoshita M, Tanaka M.

Clinical 

• Intradermal ras peptide vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant.Gjertsen MK, Buanes T, Rosseland AR, Bakka A, Gladhaug I, Soreide O, Eriksen JA, Moller M, Baksaas I, Lothe RA, Saeterdal I, Gaudernack G.

• Diagnostic utility of a K-ras point mutation in the pancreatic juice.Queneau PE, Adessi GL, Thibault P, Cleau D, Heyd B, Mantion G, Carayon P.

• Inhibition of ras oncogene: a novel approach to antineoplastic therapy.Scharovsky OG, Rozados VR, Gervasoni SI, Matar P.

• EUS and K-ras analysis of pure pancreatic juice collected via a duodenoscope after secretin stimulation for diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesion. Okai T, Watanabe H, Yamaguchi Y, Mouri I, Motoo Y, Sawabu N.

• High proportion of mutant K-ras gene in pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic cystic lesions. Tateishi K, Tada M, Yamagata M, Isayama H, Komatsu Y, Kawabe T, Shiratori Y, Omata M.

• Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by cytology and measurement of oncogene and tumor markers in pure pancreatic juice aspirated by endoscopy. Nakaizumi A, Uehara H, Takenaka A, Uedo N, Sakai N, Yano H, Ohigashi H, Ishikawa O, Ishiguro S, Sugano K, Tatsuta M.

• K-ras point mutations in the supernatants of pancreatic juice and bile are reliable for diagnosis of pancreas and biliary tract carcinomas complementary to cytologic examination. Yamashita K, Kida Y, Shinoda H, Kida M, Okayasu I.

• Molecular alterations associated with improved survival in pancreatic cancer patients treated with radiation or chemotherapy. Dergham ST, Dugan MC, Sarkar FH, Vaitkevicius VK.

• Pancreatic lymph nodal and plexus micrometastases detected by enriched polymerase chain reaction and nonradioisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis: a new predictive factor for recurrent pancreatic carcinoma. Tamagawa E, Ueda M, Takahashi S, Sugano K, Uematsu S, Mukai M, Ogata Y, Kitajima M.

• K-ras gene mutations in the diagnosis of fine-needle aspirates of pancreatic masses: prospective study using two techniques with different detection limits. Mora J, Puig P, Boadas J, Urgell E, Montserrat E, Lerma E, Gonzalez-Sastre F, Lluis F, Farre A, Capella G.

• Prevalence and clinical significance of combined K-ras mutation and p53 aberration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Dergham ST, Dugan MC, Kucway R, Du W, Kamarauskiene DS, Vaitkevicius VK,  Crissman JD, Sarkar FH.

• Ki-ras mutations and the carcinoembryonic antigen level in fine needle aspirates of the pancreas. Pinto MM, Emanuel JR, Chaturvedi V, Costa J.

• Molecular diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic cancer using a percutaneous technique. Evans DB, Frazier ML, Charnsangavej C, Katz RL, Larry L, Abbruzzese JL.

• Diagnostic utility of K-ras mutations in fine-needle aspirates of pancreatic masses. Villanueva A, Reyes G, Cuatrecasas M, Martinez A, Erill N, Lerma E, Farre A, Lluis F, Capella G.

• Ki-ras mutation as a molecular tumor marker for carcinoma of the pancreas. Daus H, Trumper L, Burger B, Jacobs G, Kriener S, von Blohn G, Zeitz M, Pfreundschuh M.

• Analysis of Ki-ras in pancreatic fluid aspirate. A new diagnostic possibility in investigation of pancreatic cancer. Ogreid D, Ulvik A, Horn A, Sondenaa K.

• K-ras-2 topographic genotyping to identify potentially indolent disease…Finkelstein SD, Przygodzki R, Pricolo VE, Sayegh R, Bakker A, Swalsky PA, Keller G.

• Detection of this point mutation in K-ras might be useful for distinguishing pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma from those of other origins in the pancreatic head region.Satoh K, Sawai T, Shimosegawa T, Koizumi M, Yamazaki T, Mochizuki F, Toyota T.

• The presence of a K-ras mutation at codon 12 in PPJ would be useful in confirming the diagnosis of PC. Watanabe H, Sawabu N, Ohta H, Satomura Y, Yamakawa O, Motoo Y, Okai T, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi T.

• PCR technique can be used to detect point mutations in Ki-ras oncogenes even in crude DNA. Masson P, Andren-Sandberg A.

Complimentation          

• The frequent activations of a RAS oncogene in combination with mutations of a tumor suppressor gene are likely to contribute to the malignant phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Kalthoff H, Schmiegel W, Roeder C, Kasche D, Schmidt A, Lauer G, Thiele HG, Honold G, Pantel K, Riethmuller G, et al.

Development

• Expression of ras oncogene p21 during human fetal development as determined by monoclonal antibodies RAP-5, Y13-259, and DWP.Radosevich JA, Combs SG, Ma Y, Lee I, Gould VE, Thor A, Schlom J, Carney WP, Rosen ST.

Function

• Oncogenic forms of RAS are locked in their active state and transduce signals essential for transformation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Zuber J, Tchernitsa OI, Hinzmann B, Schmitz AC, Grips M, Hellriegel M, Sers C, Rosenthal A, Schafer R.

• A set of genes that may be modulated by K-ras activation. Ohnami S, Matsumoto N, Nakano M, Aoki K, Nagasaki K, Sugimura T, Terada M, Yoshida T.

• Ras-induced transformation and signaling pathway. Yamamoto T, Taya S, Kaibuchi K.

• The Kirsten-ras (onco)gene codes for a GTP-binding membrane protein that is involved in signal transduction. Huber KR, Bittner J, Bauer K, Trumper L, Sek A, Sebesta C, Rosen H, Tragl KH.  

Gene Frequency (tumor)

• Frequency and spectrum of mutations at codons 12 and 13 of the c-K-ras gene in human tumors. Capella G, Cronauer-Mitra S, Pienado MA, Perucho M.  

Oncogenic Activation  

• Five of the seven duct lesions harbored activating point mutations in codon 12 of K-ras. DiGiuseppe JA, Hruban RH, Offerhaus GJ, Clement MJ, van den Berg FM, Cameron JL, van Mansfeld AD.

• K-ras oncogene activation in adenocarcinoma of the human pancreas Hruban RH, van Mansfeld AD, Offerhaus GJ, van Weering DH, Allison DC, Goodman SN, Kensler TW, Bose KK, Cameron JL, Bos JL.

• Mutations in codon 12, 13, or 61 of one of the three ras genes, H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras, convert these genes into active oncogenes. Bos JL.

• KRAS codon 12 mutations occur very frequently in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The utations are predominantly G-T transversions . Smit VT, Boot AJ, Smits AM, Fleuren GJ, Cornelisse CJ, Bos JL.

• Activation of the c-K-ras oncogene in a human pancreas carcinoma. Hirai H, Okabe T, Anraku Y, Fujisawa M, Urabe A, Takaku F

.

Oncogenicity

• Ki-ras point mutation is involved in the early events of pancreatic ductal carcinoma Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Noshiro H, Torata N, Kinoshita M, Tanaka M.

• K-ras gene mutations seem to be a specific genetic alteration contributing to the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ebert MP, Hoffmann J, Schneider-Stock R, Kasper HU, Schulz HU, Lippert H, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P.

• Activated ras triggers a cascade of protein-phosphorylations that ultimately lead to cell proliferation. Huber KR, Bittner J, Bauer K, Trumper L, Sek A, Sebesta C, Rosen H, Tragl KH.

• Activated ras triggers a cascade of protein-phosphorylations that ultimately lead to cell proliferation. Satoh K, Shimosegawa T, Moriizumi S, Koizumi M, Toyota T.

• Point mutation at codon 12 of c-Ki-ras oncogene may play an important role in the development of human pancreatic carcinoma. Cui Q, Wang Z, Chen J.

• Overexpression of c-Ki-ras and c-fos in human pancreatic carcinomas. Wakita K, Ohyanagi H, Yamamoto K, Tokuhisa T, Saitoh Y.

• Ki-ras oncogene activation in preinvasive pancreatic cancer. Lemoine NR, Jain S, Hughes CM, Staddon SL, Maillet B, Hall PA, Kloppel G.

• Ras gene mutation is not the first genetic alteration of tumor progression, but that it occurs during the development of neoplasms of the pancreas. Tada M, Omata M, Ohto M.

• Mutational activation of the c-K-ras gene in human pancreatic carcinoma. Shibata D, Capella G, Perucho M.

• Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Almoguera C, Shibata D, Forrester K, Martin J, Arnheim N, Perucho M.  

Regulation     

• Organochlorine compounds such as p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and some PCBs could play a part in the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic cancer through modulation of K-ras activation. Porta M, Malats N, Jariod M, Grimalt JO, Rifa J, Carrato A, Guarner L, Salas A, Santiago-Silva M, Corominas JM, Andreu M, Real FX.

• Expression of ras genes is due to gene amplification and/or activation. Maheshwari KK, Parsa I.

Signaling Pathway     

• RAS genes encode small GTP-binding proteins that affect gene expression in a global way by acting as major switches in signal transduction processes. Zuber J, Tchernitsa OI, Hinzmann B, Schmitz AC, Grips M, Hellriegel M, Sers C, Rosenthal A, Schafer R.

Tumor gene type       

• The two oncogenes that were found to be associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were K-ras and c-erbB-2.Sakorafas GH, Lazaris A, Tsiotou AG, Koullias G, Glinatsis MT, Golematis BC.

Tumor incidence

• K-ras mutations detected in 25% to 87% for pancreatic cancers… Minamoto T, Mai M, Ronai Z.

• A high frequency of K-ras mutation was detected (more than 2% of all K-ras genes) in six of 14 patients (43%) with pancreatic cysts. Tateishi K, Tada M, Yamagata M, Isayama H, Komatsu Y, Kawabe T, Shiratori Y, Omata M.

• The incidence of K-ras mutations was 79% (11/14) in the head, 86% (6/7) in the body, and 80% (4/5) in the tail of the pancreas. Watanabe H, Sawabu N, Songur Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yamakawa O, Satomura Y, Ohta H, Motoo Y, Okai T, Wakabayashi T

• The highest incidences are found in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (90%), the colon (50%), and the lung (30%); in thyroid tumors (50%); and in myeloid leukemia (30%).Bos JL.