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• 1st sequence number in each chain: see Ends.
• 3' end of nucleic acid: See N->C Rainbow.
• 5' end of nucleic acid: See N->C Rainbow.

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• %A, %B, etc. Letters preceded by "%" are how Jmol references alternate locations of atoms (alternate conformations). References to %A etc. will appear in the atom identification report when you touch an atom, or click on an atom. For an explanation, load 2AGT and click on "alternate locations" in the Introduction or in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Abstract of the publication: Available with an "Abstract" link in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.
• Acknowlegements: See Copyright, Licenses, Acknowledgements.
• ADP ligand is automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Adoptions of FirstGlance: Journals and structural bioinformatics resources that have adopted FirstGlance in Jmol are listed at Adoptions.
• Alpha carbon only models are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Alpha helices: See Secondary Structure.
• AlphaFold structure predictions: The AlphaFold project of DeepMind/Google made a breakthrough in reliable prediction of protein 3D structure from sequence in 2020. In July 2021, an AlphaFold Database of ~300,000 predicted protein structures became available. FirstGlance was adapted for exploration of AlphaFold-predicted structures in version 3.6 released September 1, 2021. Download a prediction from the AlphaFold Database, or submit a sequence for a prediction, and then upload the PDB file to FirstGlance. Example: AlphaFold prediction for iron-phytosiderophore transporter yellow stripe 1.
• Alternate locations: (Alternate Conformations) are displayed and tabulated in "more details" mode only. For an explanation, load 2AGT and click on "alternate locations" in the Introduction or in the Molecule Information Tab. You will see a table analyzing alternate locations, including the actual number of locations for each atom that has an alternate location code (locations/atom). You can animate alternate conformations, and find various subsets. See also "%A, %B, etc." at the top of this section. In "more details" mode only, Alternate Locations can be hidden in the Hide dialog (Focus box). In "fewer details" mode, alternate locations are not shown in any view, and the checkbox to hide them is hidden. See also Occupancies.
• Amino acid, locating in the molecular view: See Find.. in the Focus Box.
• Amino acids: See 22 standard, amino acid ligands and D-amino acids.
• Amino acids, monomeric (not part of a polypeptide), or lacking alpha carbon atoms, or lacking peptide-bonding atoms, or lacking main chain oxygens are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Amino acids, total number in the model: Given as a count of alpha carbon atoms in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Amino terminus: See N->C Rainbow.
• AMP ligand is automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Angles: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Animations: To save an animation, click "Save Image or Animation" (highlighted in orange) below the molecule. These animations (multi-GIFs) can be shown in presentations (Powerpoint, Google Slides, Libre Office, etc.). More information. See also: Images.
• Animation Kit: An alternative method for making presentation-ready animations when the built-in method (see Animations) is unsatisfactory. See Animation Kit Instructions.
• Anionic amino acids: See Charge.
• Anomalous atoms: Atoms shown as dots in the initial view are "anomalous atoms" that do not fit the format standards for a Protein Data Bank data file. To hide these or change the rendering (or for examples), use Advanced/Technical in the Tools tab. Should these ever occur, they are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples. .
• Assessment plans for educators: See Plans ... under the Resources Tab.
• Asymmetric unit: Shown in the Molecule Information Tab with a link to an explanation.
• Atlas of Macromolecules: See Gallery.
• Atom counts: To get counts of all atoms in a model, open the Molecule Information Tab. Under "Asymmetric Unit" are reports of chemical elements, and hydrogen in the model. Click on either link to get a more detailed report. If you click on elements, you'll get a count of each chemical element. Near the bottom of each explanation is a list H/non-H Atom Counts by Composition.
• Atomic clashes: In the Resources tab.
• Atomic coordinate axes: See Axes.
• ATP ligand is automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Authors: Authors of the model are listed in the Molecule Information Tab. Below this list are links to show the abstract of the structure report, and other relevant citations provided in the PDB file.
• Axes for atomic coordinates: The Cartesian coordinate axes can be displayed: use Advanced/Technical in the Tools tab.

~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ ~    return to top

• B factor: See Local Uncertainty.
• Back up: See Undo.
• Backbone trace: For proteins, a backbone trace is a line following the positions of alpha carbons (see backbone representations). Jagged backbone traces can be seen in the Vines and Thin Backbone Views. Smoothed backbone traces can be seen in N->C Rainbow (Views tab). Smoothed ribbon representations of the backbone can be seen in Secondary Structure and Cartoon (Views tab).
• Background color, black or white: The background color toggle button is the second square button in the Button Box in the Molecule Information Tab, Views Tab, and Tools Tab.
• Beta carbons, missing: A count of the number of beta-carbons missing from (non-glycine) amino acids is shown in the Molecule Information Tab, in "more details" mode only. Example: 1ijw.
• Beta strands/sheets: See Secondary Structure.
• Biological unit: The common functional quaternary structure of a molecule. Also called the "biological assembly" or "specific oligomer". Further explanation, as well as an easy way to visualize the biological unit, are available in the Molecule Information Tab or in the Resources Tab.
• Bound box: The bound box (a box parallel to the Cartesian axes that contains all atoms in the asymmetric unit) can be displayed: use Advanced/Technical in the Tools tab.
• Browser compatibility: Click on "Troubleshooting" under the molecular view, or "Trouble?" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences, or go directly to Overview of Browsers.
• Button Box: The Button Box is in the Views tab and the Tools tab. The Spin, Background, Quality and Zoom buttons are also in the Molecule Information Tab, but not enclosed in a box there.

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• Carbohydrate: Definition in FirstGlance.
• Carboxy terminus: See N->C Rainbow, and see OXT.
• Cartesian coordinate axes: See Axes.
• Cartoon: In the Views tab. Each chain is given a distinct pastel color.
• Cation-pi interactions: Use Salt Bridges/Cation-Pi in the Tools tab. Protein-protein cation-pi interactions, to any protein moiety you select, are also shown by Contacts, in the Tools tab. See also how FirstGlance defines putative cation-pi, with examples.
• Cationic amino acids: See Charge.
• Caveats (from the CAVEAT records in PDB files) are displayed above the Focus Box in the Molecule Information Tab. Examples.
• Cavity visualization: Instructions.
• Center an atom: Use the "Center Atom.." dialog available from a link near the bottom of any tab except Preferences.. It will remain centered during rotation or zooming.
• Center the entire molecule: This option is available in the "Center Atom.." dialog, which is available from a link near the bottom of any tab except Preferences..
• Chain details: The length, composition (protein, DNA or RNA), taxonomic source, and expression system are shown when you click "Chain details" in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Chain length: See Chain Details.
• Chain termini: See Ends.
• Chain, definition: See Chain in Proteopedia, which is linked to the count of chains just below "Asymmetric Unit" in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Chain, finding a specific one: Click on one of the chain names, following the count of total chains (just below "Asymmetric unit") in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Chains, total number: Given just below "Asymmetric unit" in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Channel visualization: Instructions.
• Charge: In the Views tab. Atoms or residues that are anionic or cationic at neutral pH are colored red and blue, respetively. The total numbers of charges in the model are reported. To calculate the net charge at a given pH, see these instructions.
• Charges on protein chain termini: Listed under Charge (Views tab) and under Ends (Tools tab).
• Chemical elements, counts, and finding in the molecular view: See Elements, Chemical.
• Citing FirstGlance in Jmol: There is no journal publication, so please simply cite http://FirstGlance.Jmol.Org
• Color scheme: Color schemes are preset in FirstGlance, not customizable. However, please see Customized views.
• Complaints to the FirstGlance Development Team.
• Composition: In the Views tab. A solid rendering in 5 colors: protein, DNA, RNA, ligand+, solvent.
• Conserved residues: Use Evolutionary Conservation in the Resources tab. See also Display of results from the ConSurf Server in FirstGlance.
• Conformations, Alternate: See Alternate Locations.
• Contact the FirstGlance Development Team.
• Contacts & Non-Covalent Interactions: In the Tools tab. Isolates contacts to any moiety that you specify. Probably the most powerful tool in FirstGlance. Checkboxes simplify the view by showing you only one of seven categories of non-covalent interactions at a time. Target selection FAQ. See also definitions of "contacting atoms" and non-covalent bonds shown by FirstGlance.
• Copyright of FirstGlance: See Copyright, Licenses, Acknowledgements.
• Core, hydrophobic: Can be seen by turning on the Slab button (in the Button Box) while coloring the molecule with Hydrophobic/polar (in the Views tab).
• Count of residues: See Number of Amino Acids and Number of Nucleotides.
• Counts of atoms: See Atom counts.
• Credits: See Copyright, Licenses, Acknowledgements.
• Crosslinks, protein: See Protein Crosslinks in the Tools tab. See also description and examples under Protein Crosslinks (new in version 3.5).
• Cryo-EM:
• Crystal contacts: Can be visualized in one click in the Tools tab.
• Custom color scheme: See Customized views.
• Custom molecular model: If you have a customized molecular model, perhaps a homology model, you can upload it at Firstglance.Jmol.Org.
• Customized views: FirstGlance is not designed to enable you to customize the molecular view. You cannot customize the colors or rendering. This keeps FirstGlance much simpler. Easy to use tools for making customized molecular scenes are available at Proteopedia.Org. Best of all, the molecular scenes you make there are immediately available online to share with anyone.
• Cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic-AMP, cyclic-GMP, etc. are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.

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• D (label on residues) signifies D-amino acids. See also S- and X labels. See also D-amino acids.
• D-amino acids are labeled "D" in the initial view of FirstGlance (See labels.) D-amino acids also are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Data file contents: See PDB file contents.
• Date of deposition in the PDB.: Displayed when you touch the Date of Publication with the mouse. Also shown near the bottom of the Molecule Information Tab, in "more details" mode only.
• Date of publication: In the Molecule Information Tab, just below the Button Box. Also shown near the bottom of the Molecule Information Tab. Also called the "release date". This may be later than the date when the entry was deposited in the PDB. See "Date of deposition". Some journals require release on the date of publication of the journal article.
• De-clutter the view: See Simplify View.
• Delete parts of the model.: You can't actually delete the data (unless you edit the PDB data file), but you can easily hide them. See Hide in the Focus Box.
• Density maps: Please see Maps.
• Deoxyribothymidine is automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Design of FirstGlance in Jmol: Overall scope limitations of the design are summarized at Design & History of FirstGlance in Jmol. For design goals, see also Videos.
• Detail level: See Simplified Mode.
• Different molecule: Click on "New" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences.. Or if FirstGlance is not already running, google the word firstglance (no space between First and Glance!) and FirstGlance in Jmol will be one of the top hits.
• Dihedral angles: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Dimensions of the model: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Dinucleotides, unlike dipeptides, are considered to be nucleic acid chains. (see explanation).
• Dipeptides are considered to be ligands. (see explanation). See also Tripeptides.
• Distance between atoms: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Disulfide bonds: In the Tools tab. Highlights and counts disulfide bonds, as well as cysteines. Also counts sulfurs and selenium atoms, as well as methionines. Disulfide bonds are shown as thin yellow bars in the initial view, but may be difficult to see. In the Lower Left Panel help about disulfide bonds are listed many example PDB codes illustrating various cases.
• DNA: See Composition
• Dots: See Anomalous atoms.

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• Educators: See Plans for teaching ... under the Resources Tab. Also see Simplified Mode.
• Electron density maps: Please see Maps.
• Electron microscopy: See Experimental Method.
• Electron microscopy maps: Please see Maps.
• Electrostatic density map: FirstGlance does not offer a surface colored by electrostatic density. However a similar view is obtained with Charge in the Views Tab.
• Electrostatic interactions: Use Salt Bridges/Cation-Pi in the Tools tab. See also hydrogen bonds in the Contacts and Non-Covalent Interactions Tool.
• Element, chemical, finding in the molecular view: Enter the full name of the element in the "Find.." dialog (in the Focus Box), such as selenium or zinc. Unusual elements will be listed under Ligands in the Molecule Information Tab. You can click their codes to locate all copies in the molecular view.
• Element, chemical, identifying: Click on an atom to identify it. A report including the chemical element will appear underneath the molecule.
• Elements, chemical, list: All chemical elements in the model are listed in the Molecule Information Tab, just below the atom count, under Asymmetric Unit. Clicking on the elements link reports the atom count for each element. Links by each atom count make it easy to find the atoms of a chemical element.

• An "empty basket" indicating the location of one or more missing residues.

  Empty baskets indicate the approximate locations of missing residues. They can be hidden with a checkbox that will appear when you click "Missing Residues" in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking the link "Missing Residues" also provides an explanation.
• Ending a session: Simply close the tab or window, or click on "Close" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences..
• Ends of protein or nucleic acid chains including the numbering of the first and last residues in each chain: To examine them in close detail, click Ends.. in the Tools tab, also in the Molecule Information Tab at Chain Details and at Chain Sequences.
• Erase distances and angles: A link to erase distance monitor lines and angle lines is in the Lower Left Panel after you click Distances/Angles in the Tools tab. Another one is available after you display Contacts & Non-Covalent Interactions (Tools tab): look below the postage stamp-sized snapshots for "Distances: How? Hide".
• Erase parts of the model: See Hide in the Focus Box.
• Ester protein crosslinks are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. They can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 2PNL. See also Crosslinks, Protein.
• Evolutionary conservation: Available in the Resources tab.
• Examples (PDB identification codes) that illustrate specific features are generally found in the lower left (help) panel when looking at a specific feature in FirstGlance. There are also many examples in the Notes.
• Experimental method: The method used to determine the model. Shown in the Molecule Information Tab just below the row of square buttons. Usually X-Ray Diffraction, sometimes NMR, rarely cryo electron microscopy.

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• Feedback to the FirstGlance Development Team.
• Fewer details: See Simplified Mode.
• Find a component of the model: Use the "Find.." dialog available in the Focus Box. Additional Find suggestions.
• Finding a model of your molecule: Use the Practical Guide to Homology Modeling, which also tells how to find X-ray or NMR models.
• Finding a specific chain: Click on one of the chain names, following the count of total chains (just below "Asymmetric unit") in the Molecule Information Tab.
• FirstGlance, the name, refers to the design of the initial view to be maximally informative "at the first glance". See Design & History of FirstGlance in Jmol.
• First residue's sequence number for each chain: See Ends.
• Focus Box: The Focus Box is available at the bottoms of the the Molecule Information Tab, the Views tab, and the Tools tab. It contains methods helping you to focus on regions or details of interest, as well access to troubleshooting, resetting the molecular view to its initial state, closing the session or starting a new session, and a link to this "Where is ...? How do I ...?" Index.


• Free R: Shown in the Molecule Information Tab as "Reliability" with a link to an explanation. Here is how FirstGlance grades free R objectively. See also Free R in Proteopedia.
• Functional sites: Can be identified as patches of evolutionarily conserved residues. Use Evolutionary Conservation in the Resources tab. See also Conserved residues in this index.

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• Gallery of molecules: Available through a link at Firstglance.Jmol.Org. See also Atlas.MolviZ.Org.
• Getting a model of your molecule: Use the Practical Guide to Homology Modeling, which also tells how to find X-ray or NMR models.
• Graphics: See Images or see Animations.

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• Hide distances and angles: A link to erase distance monitor lines and angle lines is in the Lower Left Panel after you click Distances/Angles in the Tools tab. Another one is available after you display Contacts & Non-Covalent Interactions (Tools tab): look below the postage stamp-sized snapshots for "Distances: How? Hide".
• Hide parts of the model: Use the "Hide.." dialog available in the Focus Box. If you want to hide all but one component, use the "Isolate.." dialog linked next to Hide in the Focus Box.
• Hiding empty baskets: These can be hidden with a checkbox that will appear when you click "Missing Residues" in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking the link "Missing Residues" also provides an explanation.
• Histidine-tyrosine protein crosslinks are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. They can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 1V54. See also Crosslinks, Protein.
• History of FirstGlance in Jmol is summarized at Design & History of FirstGlance in Jmol.
• Homology modeling: Use the Practical Guide to Homology Modeling, which is linked to the initial page at Firstglance.Jmol.Org, and in the Resources tab. See also Theoretical Models.
• How many atoms?: See Atom counts.
• How to find a model of your molecule: Please see Finding a model of your molecule.
• Hydrogen atoms: When present in the model, the percentages of protein and nucleic acid atoms that are hydrogen are given in the Molecule Information Tab. These are linked to an explanation of how to interpret these percentages. At the bottom of that explanation is a list H/non-H Atom Counts by Composition. It is unusual for crystallographic models to have hydrogen. When no hydrogen is present in the model, you will see "No hydrogen atoms" linked to an explanation. Some crystallographic models include hydrogens on only the polar atoms (example: 1lfa). Models determined by NMR typically have all hydrogen atoms (example: 2bbn). See also more about hydrogen and an example.
• Hydrogen atoms, hiding:: Hydrogen atoms can be hidden for all views with a checkbox in the Hide.. dialog (in the Focus Box), or with a checkbox in the help panel for the Vines/Sticks.. view. Contacts & Non-Covalent Interactions.. (tools tab) hides hydrogen by default. A checkbox in its help panel shows hydrogens on only the atoms displayed as balls, which are the atoms likely to be interacting non-covalently (or covalently).
• Hydrogen bonds: FirstGlance does not (yet) show hydrogen bonds as sticks between atoms. Rather, it isolates potential donor/acceptor pairs of atoms for putative hydrogen bonds. Use Contacts in the Tools tab. See also how FirstGlance defines putatively hydrogen bonded atom pairs.
• Hydrophilic: See Hydrophobic.
• Hydrophobic core: Can be seen by turning on the Slab button (in the Button Box) while coloring the molecule with Hydrophobic/polar (in the Views tab).
• Hydrophobic interactions: Shown by Contacts, in the Tools tab.
• Hydrophobic/polar: In the Views tab. Colors amino acids in two colors, according to whether their sidechains are hydrophobic or polar (hydrophilic). See also Membrane Protein.

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• Identical chains: Groups of sequence-identical chains, when present, are listed under Chain Details in the Molecule Information Tab. Sequence identity is also indicated with an equal sign "=" in the list of chains in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Identify an atom: Click on an atom to identify it. A report will appear underneath the molecule. More details.
• Image quality: See Quality.
• Images: To save an image of the current molecular view, click on "Save Image or Animation" (highlighted in orange) below the molecule. Saved images can be used in publications or presentations (Powerpoint, Google Slides, Libre Office, etc.). More information. See also: Animations.
• Incomplete models: See Missing Residues.
• Incomplete sidechains: See Sidechains, Incomplete.
• Insertion codes, when present, are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Installing FirstGlance on a local server: See Installing FirstGlance in Jmol on your server.
• Integral membrane protein: To visualize hydrophobic surfaces of protein that may be buried in a lipid bilayer, see Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab. To visualize the predicted boundaries between lipid and polar environments, go to See Lipid Bilayer Boundaries in the Resources tab. Examples of membrane proteins are given in the help when you click Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab.
• Intrinsic disorder: Predictions are available in the Resources tab.
• Introduction panel in FirstGlance: The Introduction fills the Lower Left Panel at the beginning of a session. Later, you can get back to the Introduction by clicking "Return to Introduction" at the bottom of the Lower Left Panel. See also Videos.
• Ionic interactions: Use Salt Bridges/Cation-Pi in the Tools tab.
• Isoelectric point: To calculate the pI, in the Views tab, click on Charge. Scroll down in the lower left (help) panel and look for the link to these instructions.
• Isolate a component: Use the "Isolate.." dialog available from a link in the Focus Box. If you want to isolate more than one one component, use the "Hide.." dialog linked next to Isolate, or "Find" the desired components, and then Isolate them. Hide, Isolate and Find are all in the Focus Box.
• Isopeptide protein crosslinks are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. Isopeptide bonds can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 3HTL. See also Crosslinks, Protein.

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• Java is longer needed for FirstGlance, and is no longer an option.
• JSmol is what displays the molecule in FirstGlance. It is the portion of the browser window at the right that has a white or black background (according to whether the Background button is depressed). JSmol labels the lower right corner of JSmol -- this label is called the "frank". JSmol is a Javascript implementation of Jmol.
• Journal articles: Linked below the authors in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.

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• Last residue's sequence number in each chain: See Ends.
• Learning resources: See Plans ... under the Resources Tab.
• Length of each chain: See Chain Details.
• Less detail: See Simplified Mode, and Simplify View.
• License for FirstGlance: See Copyright, Licenses, Acknowledgements.
• Ligands: Shown solid (spacefilling atoms) in the initial view, colored by chemical element. Listed in the Molecule Information Tab. The list includes the number of each present in the model. Clicking on the code in the list marks (with yellow "halos") all copies in the molecular view. Ligands can be shown or hidden with the Ligands+ button in the Button Box.
• Ligands+: Shown solid (spacefilling atoms) in the initial view, colored by chemical element. The term "ligands+" includes all components of the model that are not water, and not chains of protein, DNA or RNA. Thus, "ligands+" includes free monomeric standard amino acids and nucleotide ligands. Dipeptides are also included in "ligands+" (see explanation). Tripeptides and longer polypeptides are considered chains of protein, so not "ligands+". All polynucleotides, including dinucleotides, are excluded from "ligands+" (see explanation). For more details, click the Ligands+ button in the Button Box, and see the definition of ligands+. See also Ligands.
• Linking to FirstGlance: You can make a link that specifies display of a specific molecule. See All About FirstGlance in Jmol.
• Lipid bilayer boundaries: To visualize hydrophobic surfaces of protein that may be buried in a lipid bilayer, see Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab. To visualize the predicted boundaries between lipid and polar environments, go to See Lipid Bilayer Boundaries in the Resources tab. Examples of membrane proteins are given in the help when you click Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab.
• Literature citations: Linked below the authors in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.
• Local Uncertainty: In the Views tab. Colors atoms by B factor/temperature value using either an absolute or relative color scheme. The average temperature for each chain is reported, with the lowest values for sequence-identical chains in boldface. Average temperatures for water and ligands+ are also reported. The temperature/B factor value for each atom is reported in the pop-up elicited by touching an atom.
• Locate a component of the model: Use the "Find.." dialog available in the Focus Box).
• Locations/Atom and Locations, Alternate: See Alternate Locations.
• Lysine-Cysteine NOS bonds are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. They can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 6zx4. See also Crosslinks, Protein.

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• Magnification: See Zoom.
• Maps of electron density and EM density can be displayed.
• Mark a component of the model: Use the "Find.." dialog available in the Focus Box).
• Membrane protein: To visualize hydrophobic surfaces of protein that may be buried in a lipid bilayer, see Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab. To visualize the predicted boundaries between lipid and polar environments, go to See Lipid Bilayer Boundaries in the Resources tab. Examples of membrane proteins are given in the help when you click Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab.
• Metal interactions: Shown by Contacts, in the Tools tab. See also definitions of metal and miscellaneous interactions, as shown by FirstGlance, with examples.
• Method, experimental: See Experimental Method.
• Mirror sites that serve FirstGlance: See Mirror sites.
• Missing beta carbons: See Beta carbons, missing.
• Missing residues: A count of missing residues is given in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking on "Missing Residues" there provides details for each chain, as well as an explanation. In the less common case in which all residues are present in the model, you will see "No residues missing", also linked to an explanation. This information is also summarized in the first paragraph of the Introduction.
• Missing sidechain atoms: See Sidechains, Incomplete.
• Molecular mass is reported in the Molecule Information Tab next to the atom count, just above the list of chemical elements in the model. Clicking on there reports masses of each component.
• Molecular model: All published empirically-determined macromolecular models are available from the Protein Data Bank. They can also be found, when available, under the Structure section at UniProt.Org. See also Custom molecular model and Online molecular model.
• Molecular weight: See Molecular mass.
• Molecule Information Tab: This tab is labeled with the PDB code unless the model is not an entry in the Protein Data Bank, or has been modified.


• Molecule's name: See Name of Molecule.
• More details: See Simplified Mode.
• Movies: See Animations.

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• N->C Rainbow: In the Views tab. Amino & 5' termini are colored blue, carboxy and 3' termini red, with a rainbow/spectral color sequence in between.
• Name of molecule: Usually at the top of the Molecule Information Tab.
• Nature: See Adoptions.
• Negative charges: See Charge.
• Negative or zero sequence numbers are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• New session: Click on "New" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences.. Or if FirstGlance is not already running, google the word firstglance (no space between First and Glance!) and FirstGlance in Jmol will be one of the top hits.
• NMR: See Experimental Method.
• Non-covalent interactions: See Contacts.
• Non-standard residues: Listed in the Molecule Information Tab. The list includes the number of each present in the model. Clicking on the code in the list marks (with yellow "halos") all copies in the molecular view. Each non-standard residue is labeled with an X in the initial view. These labels can be hidden by unchecking the Labels Show checkbox, near the bottom of any tab except Preferences.. See Labels X, S-, ?. Non-standard residues can optionally be rendered as balls and sticks: use Advanced/Technical in the Tools tab. See also Definitions of non-standard residues in FirstGlance.
• NOS bonds: see Lysine-Cysteine NOS bonds.
• Nucleoside or nucleotide, as single ligand (not part of a polymer), such as AMP, ADP, ATP, GTP, etc. are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Nucleotide, locating in the molecular view: See Find.
• Nucleotides, total number: Given as a count of pentose C5' atoms in the Molecule Information Tab. Because the 5' end of nucleic acid chains lacks a phosphorus, a count of nucleic acid phosphorus atoms would be an underestimate.
• Numbering of the 1st and last residues in each chain: See Ends.
• Number of amino acids, total: Given as a count of alpha carbon atoms in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Number of nucleotides, total: Given as a count of pentose C5' atoms in the Molecule Information Tab. Because the 5' end of nucleic acid chains lacks a phosphorus, a count of nucleic acid phosphorus atoms would be an underestimate.
• Number of residues, total: See Number of Amino Acids and Number of Nucleotides.

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• Obtaining a model of your molecule: Use the Practical Guide to Homology Modeling, which also tells how to find X-ray or NMR models.
• OCA browser: Available through the Resources tab. Also available for Sequences, in the Molecule Information Tab.
• Occupancies: Atoms may be assigned occupancies of 100% down to 0%. The range of occupancy values is summarized in the Molecule Information Tab, in "more details" mode only. Clicking on Occupancy there will produce a table listing all occupancy values and the numbers of atom locations for each, with the option to Find all instances of a given occupancy value. When an atom is touched with the mouse, or clicked, its occupancy is reported, in "more details" mode only. For an example, explore 1SJV. See also Alternate Locations.
• Oligomeric state: Use Biological Unit in the Resources tab.
• Online molecular model: Any molecular model available online can be displayed in FirstGlance. See the "molecule URL" link at Firstglance.Jmol.Org.
• Overview of FirstGlance: see What Is FirstGlance in Jmol?, available from a link on the entry page.
• OXT is the designation of the second oxygen at the carboxy terminus of a protein chain, or on a monomeric amino acid ligand, not part of a protein chain. OXT is often omitted from the model: see Oxygens missing at carboxy termini.

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• PDB file contents: Can be displayed with the link "View PDB File" in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab, in "more details" mode only.
• PDB identification code: Explanation. How to find PDB codes for models of a molecule of interest. These documents are available from the entry page.
• Pepitope server: See Displaying results from the Pepitope server in FirstGlance.
• Percentage sign as in %A, %B, etc. Please see "%A" at the top of the A's on this page.
• pI: See Isoelectric point.
• Pictures: See Images.
• Plans for teaching and learning: See Plans ... under the Resources Tab.
• Polar/hydrophobic: See Hydrophobic.
• Popularity of FirstGlance: See Design & History and also Adoptions.
• Positive charges: See Charge.
• Powerpoint presentations: See Presenting Molecular Views and Animations.
• Predicting structure from sequence: See AlphaFold.
• Preferences: Use the Preferences tab.
• Presentations: See Presenting Molecular Views and Animations.
• Problems? Please contact the FirstGlance Development Team.
• Professors: See Plans for teaching ... under the Resources Tab.
• Protein: See Composition
• Protein Crosslinks: See Crosslinks, protein.
• Protein Data Bank: Available through the Resources tab.
• Publication date: See Date.
• Publication quality image: See Quality.
• Publications: Linked below the authors in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.

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• Quality of the image: The quality of the molecular image can be high or normal. High quality smooths some jagged edges, but slows rotation. Toggled by a square Quality button in the Button Box in the Molecule Information Tab, Views Tab, and Tools Tab.
• Quality of the molecular model: See Quality Assessment for Molecular Models, and Resolution and Free R in this index. See also Atomic Clashes in the Resources tab.
• Query parameters: See Advanced Options/Query Parameters. This document is linked in All About FirstGlance in Jmol under How to show a molecule from your website at the link How to specify a PDB identification code in a hyperlink to FirstGlance.
• Quitting a session: Simply close the tab or window, or click on "Close" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences..

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• R free: Shown in the Molecule Information Tab as "Reliability" with a link to an explanation. Here is how FirstGlance grades free R objectively. See also Free R in Proteopedia.
• R value: Shown in the Molecule Information Tab, "more details" mode only.
• References for the structure: Linked below the authors in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.
• Referencing FirstGlance: Please see Citing FirstGlance.
• Related PDB entries, when specified by the authors, are shown near the bottom of the Molecule Information Tab, in "more details" mode only. See also More information and examples.
• Release date: See Date.
• Reliability of the model: See Free R.
• Remove distances and angles: A link to erase distance monitor lines and angle lines is in the Lower Left Panel after you click Distances/Angles in the Tools tab. Another one is available after you display Contacts & Non-Covalent Interactions (Tools tab): look below the postage stamp-sized snapshots for "Distances: How? Hide".
• Report feedback to the FirstGlance Development Team.
• Reset: You can return to the initial molecular view by clicking the "Reset" link in the Focus Box.
  To reset a ConSurf result:
  If you are in ConSurf View (stated at the upper left), click the button Reset View.
  If you are in the FirstGlance controls (tabs at the upper left), click on ConSurf Controls (middle left), and after you get the ConSurf View (stated at the upper left), click on the button Reset View.
• Residue, locating in the molecular view: See Find.
• Residues, total number: See Number of Amino Acids and Number of Nucleotides.
• Resolution: Shown in the Molecule Information Tab with a link to an explanation. Here is how FirstGlance grades resolution. See also Resolution in Proteopedia.
• Ribbons: See Cartoon.
• Ribothymidine is automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• RNA: See Composition
• Rotate the molecule: Drag the molecule with your mouse

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• S- labeling some residues: See Sidechains, incomplete.
• Salt bridges: Use Salt Bridges/Cation-Pi in the Tools tab. Protein-protein salt bridges to any protein moiety you select are also shown by Contacts, in the Tools tab. Salt bridges can be listed in spreadsheet-ready format. See also how FirstGlance defines putative salt bridges, with examples.
• Search for a component of the model: Use the "Find.." dialog available in the Focus Box).
• Secondary structure: In the Views tab. It reports percentages of each secondary structure.
• Selecton server: See Display of results from the Selecton server in FirstGlance.
• Sequence number, locating in the molecular view: Enter the number in the "Find.." dialog (available in the Focus Box). You can also enter a range of sequence numbers, such as 22-34. See the help displayed in the "Find.." dialog for more options.
• Sequence numbering of the 1st and last residues in each chain: See Ends.
• Sequence numbers, displaying: The Sequence Numbers checkbox (any tab except Preferences.) labels every visible alpha carbon and nucleotide C5' with the sequence number.
• Sequence-identical chains: See Identical Chains.
• Sequence, locating in the molecular view: Enter a short sequence in the "Find.." dialog (available from the Focus Box) as explained there. Note that you must prefix the sequence with "sequence=", for example, sequence=TRFVIM for a amino acids or sequence=CGGAT for DNA.
• Sequences of each chain: Click on "Sequences" in the Molecule Information Tab. Links will be shown to both the experimental (crystallized) sequence, and the full-length genomic sequence.

• New default "Shiny" rendering.	Older rendering, now a preference option.

  Shiny rendering is the default beginning with FirstGlance Version 2.85. The earlier rendering was less shiny and slightly brighter. You can choose it under the Preferences Tab.
• Sidechains, incomplete: When some sidechain atoms are missing, this is reported in the Molecule Information Tab, and summarized in the first paragraph of the Introduction. Also, each residue with missing sidechain atoms is labeled S- in the molecular view. These S- labels can be turned off. See the checkbox for "Labels, Show" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences. More details. See also defintions of incomplete sidechains.
• Simplified Mode of FirstGlance: FirstGlance defaults to a simplified mode in which fewer details are shown. Optionally, more details can be displayed. Please see more information.
• Simplify view: You can simplfy a view by using Hide.. (in the Focus Box) to hide some portions of the model, or Isolate.. (in the Focus Box) to hide everything except one entity in a single click. Or you can use Find (in the Focus Box) to find a group of items, and then Isolate them (Isolate Atoms with Halos). You can also use Center Atom (in the Focus Box) on the area of interest, and then turn on the Slab button (in the Button Box). The Thin Backbone View is a simplifying view. In the Contacts Tool, you can use checkboxes to hide all but one category of non-covalent bonds.
• Size of the molecular image: The molecular image will resize when you resize the browser window. See also Zoom.
• Slab: Toggled by a Slab button (in the Button Box). Hides the front and back of the molecule, making it easier to see details of the centered portion of the model. Slab thickness can be controlled with radio buttons. A checkbox keeps the back of the molecule visible, which is useful for seeing the insides of cavities and channels.
• Snapshots of the molecule: See Images.
• Solid view: In the Views tab. All atoms are rendered at van der Waals radii. Other solid views are Composition, Hydrophobic/Polar, and Charge (all in the Views tab).
• Source code for FirstGlance in Jmol is available. See also License.
• Source (taxonomic) of each chain: See Chain Details.
• Species for each chain: See Chain Details.
• Specifications: See Troubleshooting.
• Spin toggle button: The first square button in the Molecule Information Tab and also the first button in the Button Box. Whether the molecule spins initially is a setting in the Preferences tab.
• Start over: You can return to the initial molecular view by clicking the "Reset" link near the bottom of #NOPREFS
• Starting a new session: Click on "New" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences.. Or if FirstGlance is not already running, google the word firstglance (no space between First and Glance!) and FirstGlance in Jmol will be one of the top hits.
• Sticks: See Vines/Sticks.
• Students, Study: See Plans for learning ... under the Resources Tab.
• Summary of the publication: Available with an "Abstract" link in the lower portion of the Molecule Information Tab.
• Syllabi for teaching and learning: See Plans ... under the Resources Tab.

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• Taxonomic source of each chain: See Chain Details.
• Teaching plans for educators: Please see Educators.
• Technical information: See the bottom section in the Notes for FirstGlance.
• Temperature factor: See Local Uncertainty. Touching or clicking an atom reports its temperature factor (B factor), in "more details" mode only.
• Termini of chains: See Ends.
• Thickness of the model: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Theoretical models: See AlphaFold above. See Homology modeling. See an overview of Theoretical models (in Proteopedia).
• Thioester protein crosslinks are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. They can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 2xi9. See also Crosslinks, Protein.
• Thioether protein crosslinks are automatically detected and, when present, an alert appears. In "more details" mode only, the number present is reported in the Molecule Information Tab. Clicking that report lists each such bond, offering to zoom in on any one of them. They can always be accessed from the Tools tab, under Protein Crosslinks. Example: 1sy7. See also Crosslinks, Protein.
• Torsion angles: Use Distances/Angles in the Tools tab.
• Total atoms in model: See Atom counts.
• Transmembrane protein: To visualize hydrophobic surfaces of protein that may be buried in a lipid bilayer, see Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab. To visualize the predicted boundaries between lipid and polar environments, go to See Lipid Bilayer Boundaries in the Resources tab. Examples of membrane proteins are given in the help when you click Hydrophobic/Polar in the Views tab.
• Trinucleotides, dinucleotides, and longer polynucleotides are considered to be nucleic acid chains. See also Dinucleotides.
• Tripeptides and longer polypeptides are considered to be protein chains. See also Dipeptides.
• Troubleshooting: Click on "Troubleshooting" under the molecular view, or "Trouble?" near the bottom of any tab except Preferences, or go directly to Troubleshooting.

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• Un-clutter the view: See Simplify View.
• Undo: Regrettably, there is no general "Undo" capability. Some dialogs (Hide, Isolate, & Find in the Focus Box) have undo capabilities. If you want to go back to the initial molecular view, click the "Reset" link in the Focus Box.
• Unfolded regions: Predictions of intrinsic disorder are available in the Resources tab.
• Unit cell: Can be visualized in one click in the Tools tab.
• Unknown atoms "X", groups "UNX" or "UNK", nucleotides "N", or ligands "UNL" are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Unusual components or features are alerted when the molecule is first loaded, in "more details" mode only, and subject to a checkbox in the Preferences tab. See this list. Example: 4CPA.
• Uploading a PDB file from your computer: see the link to do this on the entry page.
• Usage statistics for FirstGlance: See Design & History and also Adoptions.

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• van der Waals interactions: Shown by Contacts, in the Tools tab. See also how FirstGlance defines apolar interactions, with examples.
• Version history: See Version History, or click on the version number shown below the molecule.
• Videos about FirstGlance: Introduction and Design Goals at YouTube (linked at the entry page).
• Videos, saving: See Animations.
• Vines/Sticks: In the Views tab. This view shows all non-water atoms as bond-sticks (wireframe rendering). Main chain atoms are simplified to a backbone trace initially, with sidechains shown as sticks (like leaves on a vine). All atoms (including main chain atoms) can be shown when more detail is checked. Atoms not covalently bonded to other atoms (such as water oxygens) will be tiny isolated spheres.

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• Water: Turning on the Water button (in the Button Box) reports the number of water molecules present in the model, and displays any present at van der Waals radii. A checkbox in the Lower Left Panel of help for Water renders the water molecules as smaller spheres.
• Water bridges: Can be isolated and visualized with Contacts, in the Tools tab. See also how FirstGlance defines putative water bridges, with examples.
• Web browser compatibility: See Browser compatibility.
• What chain is this?: Each chain has a one-character "name". Click on any atom in a chain, and its chain name will be reported beneath the molecule. Or you can simply touch an atom in the chain and a tooltip will appear identifying the atom and chain.
• What is FirstGlance in Jmol?: See What Is FirstGlance in Jmol?.
• What residue is this?: Click on any atom in the residue of interest. A report will appear beneath the molecule that identifies the residue and atom that you clicked. Or you can simply touch an atom and a tooltip will appear with its identification.
• Wireframe: See Vines/Sticks.

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• X (label on residues): Marks non-standard residues. See also S- and D labels.
• X-ray crystallography: See Experimental Method.

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• YouTube: See Videos.

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• Zero or negative sequence numbers are automatically announced in an alert, and optionally highlighted with yellow halos, when the molecule is first displayed. See Unusual components or features, which lists examples.
• Zoom: See the clickable black arrows in the Molecule Information Tab (also in the Button Box). Clicking one of these arrows zooms, and also shows other methods for zooming. See also Size.